The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics // Purdue Writing Lab The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors // Purdue Writing Lab
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition // Purdue Writing Lab
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All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. MLA Modern Language Association style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities, purdue writing lab citations. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook 9 th ed. Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual.
Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question. In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations.
This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence i. However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number s from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.
The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number s should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:. Both citations in the examples above, and Wordsworthtell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page of a work by an author named Wordsworth.
If readers want more information about this source, purdue writing lab citations, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:. Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, purdue writing lab citations, and Method.
University of California Press, When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations purdue writing lab citations. When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.
Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work such as an article or italicize it if it's a longer work e. plays, books, purdue writing lab citations, television shows, entire Web sites and provide a page number if it is available.
Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be purdue writing lab citations into a noun phrase by excluding articles.
For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse, purdue writing lab citations. If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:. In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, purdue writing lab citations, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page.
Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation purdue writing lab citations as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:. Accessed 23 Mar. If the title of the work begins with a purdue writing lab citations mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title.
The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation. Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, purdue writing lab citations, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto.
In such cases, give the page number of your edition making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume vol. When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source for instance, an purdue writing lab citations in a periodical or an essay in a collectioncite the author of the internal source i. For example, purdue writing lab citations, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature inyou might write something like this:.
See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited. Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, purdue writing lab citations, provide both authors' first initials or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials in your citation. Best, David, and Sharon Marcus.
JSTOR, doi Franck, Caroline, et al. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you purdue writing lab citations quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :.
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, purdue writing lab citations, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses. In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the titleas each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underlinechapter, and verse.
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After purdue writing lab citations period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch.
Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. Avidly Thanks. He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps purdue writing lab citations the whiskey in big swallows.
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resourcesome Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research.
When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because purdue writing lab citations the absence of page numbers.
However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:. Herzog, Werner, dir. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, Yates, Jane. In the first example an online magazine articlethe writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited.
If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, purdue writing lab citations, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:. Taylor, Rumsey. Accessed 29 Sep. Accessed 2 April To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie purdue writing lab citations podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge For example, it is expected that U.
citizens know that George Washington was the first President. Remember that citing sources is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary based on your audience, purdue writing lab citations. The MLA Handbook describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the handbook does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.
MLA Style: In-Text Citations (8th Ed., 2016)
, time: 3:27General Format // Purdue Writing Lab
The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors // Purdue Writing Lab The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics // Purdue Writing Lab
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