SCITEC Food Sciences for Innovation and Authenticity SCITEC Horticultural Science (IMaHS) At the same time I am putting forth an effort to develop a little business out of my master thesis project "Zukunft Hinterland", you need to submit a self-declaration Existentialism (/ ˌ ɛ ɡ z ɪ ˈ s t ɛ n ʃ əl ɪ z əm / or / ˌ ɛ k s ə ˈ s t ɛ n t ʃ ə ˌ l ɪ z əm /) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the experience of thinking, feeling, and acting. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst," a sense of dread The quest for the historical Jesus consists of academic efforts to determine what words and actions, if any, may be attributed to Jesus, and to use the findings to provide portraits of the historical Jesus. Since the 18th century, three scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often
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Existentialism is associated with several 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, declaration of authenticity master thesis, despite profound doctrinal differences. Furthermore, existentialism has influenced many disciplines outside of philosophy, including theology, drama, declaration of authenticity master thesis, art, literature, and psychology.
The term existentialism French : L'existentialisme was coined by the French Catholic philosopher Gabriel Marcel in the mids. Some scholars argue that the term should be used only to refer to the cultural movement in Europe in the s and s associated with the works of the philosophers Sartre, Simone de BeauvoirMaurice Merleau-Pontyand Albert Camus.
The labels existentialism and existentialist are often seen as historical conveniences in as much as they were first applied to many philosophers long after they had died. While existentialism is generally considered to have originated with Kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self-description was Sartre. Sartre posits the idea that "what all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence ," as the philosopher Frederick Copleston explains.
Although many outside Scandinavia consider the term existentialism to have originated from Kierkegaard, declaration of authenticity master thesis, it is more likely that Kierkegaard adopted this term or at least the term "existential" as a description of his philosophy from the Norwegian poet and literary critic Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven.
The Norwegian philosopher Erik Lundestad refers to the Danish philosopher Fredrik Christian Sibbern. Sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations inthe first with Welhaven and the second with Kierkegaard. It is in the first conversation that it is believed that Welhaven came up with "a word that he said covered a certain thinking, which had a close and positive attitude to life, a relationship he described as existential".
The second claim comes from the Norwegian historian Rune Slagstadwho claimed to prove that Kierkegaard himself said the term "existential" was borrowed from the poet. He strongly believes that it was Kierkegaard himself who said that " Hegelians do not study philosophy "existentially;" to use a phrase by Welhaven from one time when I spoke with him about philosophy.
Sartre argued that a central proposition of existentialism is that existence precedes essencewhich means that individuals shape themselves by existing and cannot be perceived through preconceived and a-priori categories, an "essence", declaration of authenticity master thesis.
The actual life of the individuals is what constitutes what could be called their "true essence" instead of an arbitrarily attributed essence others use to define them. Human beings, through their own consciousnesscreate their own values and determine a meaning to their life.
His form must be just as manifold as are the opposites that he holds together. The systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. To the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to that same degree his form must also be concretely dialectical.
But just as he himself is not a poet, not an ethicist, not a dialectician, so also his form is none of these directly, declaration of authenticity master thesis. His form must first and last be related to existence, and in this regard he must have at his disposal the poetic, the ethical, the dialectical, the religious. Subordinate character, setting, etc. The setting is not the fairyland of the imagination, where poetry produces consummation, nor is the declaration of authenticity master thesis laid in England, and historical accuracy is not a concern.
The setting is declaration of authenticity master thesis in existing as a human being; the concretion is the relation of the existence-categories to one another.
Historical accuracy and historical actuality are breadth. Søren Declaration of authenticity master thesis Concluding Postscript, Hong pp. Some interpret the imperative to define oneself as meaning that anyone can wish to be anything. However, an existentialist philosopher would say such a wish constitutes an inauthentic existence — what Sartre would call " bad faith ".
Instead, the phrase should be taken to say that people are defined only insofar as they act and that they are responsible for their actions, declaration of authenticity master thesis.
Someone who acts cruelly towards other people is, by that act, defined as a cruel person. Such persons are themselves responsible for their new identity cruel persons, declaration of authenticity master thesis. This is opposed to their genes, or human naturebearing the blame. As Sartre said in his lecture Existentialism is a Humanism : "man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world—and defines himself afterwards". The more positive, therapeutic aspect of this is also implied: a person can choose to act in a different way, and to be a good person instead of a cruel person, declaration of authenticity master thesis.
Jonathan Webber interprets Sartre's usage of the term essence not in a modal fashion, i. as necessary features, but in a teleological fashion: "an essence is the relational property of having a set of parts ordered in such a way as to collectively perform some activity". Humans are different from houses because - unlike houses - they don't have an inbuilt purpose: they are free to choose their own purpose and thereby shape their essence; thus, their existence precedes their essence.
Declaration of authenticity master thesis is committed to a radical conception of freedom: nothing fixes our purpose but we ourselves, our projects have no weight or inertia except for our endorsement of them.
Sedimentations are themselves products of past choices and can be changed by choosing differently in the present, but such changes happen slowly. They are a force of inertia that shapes the agent's evaluative outlook on the world until the transition is complete. Sartre's definition of existentialism was based on Heidegger's magnum opus Being and Time In the correspondence with Jean Beaufret later published as the Letter on HumanismHeidegger implied that Sartre misunderstood him for his own purposes of subjectivism, and that he did not mean that actions take precedence over being so long as those actions were not reflected upon.
The notion of the absurd contains the idea that there is no meaning in the world beyond what meaning we give it. This meaninglessness also encompasses the amorality or "unfairness" of the world. This can be highlighted in the way it opposes the traditional Abrahamic religious perspective, which establishes that life's purpose is the fulfillment of God's commandments.
To live the life of the absurd means rejecting a life that finds or pursues specific meaning for man's existence since there is nothing to be discovered. According to Albert Camus, the world or the human being is not in itself absurd.
The concept only emerges through the juxtaposition of the two; life becomes absurd due to the incompatibility between human beings and the world they inhabit. The second view, first elaborated by Søren Kierkegaardholds that absurdity is limited to actions and choices of human beings. These are considered absurd since they issue from human freedom, undermining their foundation outside of themselves.
The absurd contrasts with the claim that "bad things don't happen to good people"; to the world, metaphorically speaking, there is no such thing as a good person or a bad person; what happens happens, and it may just as well happen to a "good" person as to a "bad" person. The notion of the absurd has been prominent in literature throughout history. Many of the literary works of Kierkegaard, Samuel BeckettFranz KafkaFyodor DostoyevskyEugène IonescoMiguel de Unamunodeclaration of authenticity master thesis, Luigi Pirandello[39] [40] [41] [42] Sartre, Joseph Hellerand Camus contain descriptions of people who encounter the absurdity of the world.
It is because of the devastating awareness of meaninglessness that Camus claimed in The Myth of Sisyphus that "there is only one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide". Although "prescriptions" against the possible deleterious consequences of these kinds of encounters vary, from Kierkegaard's religious "stage" to Camus' insistence on persevering in spite of absurdity, the concern with helping people avoid living their lives in ways that put them in the perpetual danger of having everything meaningful break down is common to most existentialist philosophers.
The possibility of having everything meaningful break down poses a threat of quietismwhich is inherently against the existentialist philosophy. The ultimate hero of absurdism lives without meaning and faces suicide without succumbing to it. Facticity is defined by Sartre in Being and Nothingness as the in-itselfwhich delineates for humans the modalities of being and not being. This can be more easily understood when considering facticity in relation to the temporal dimension of our past: one's past is what one is, in that it co-constitutes oneself.
However, to say that one is only one's past would ignore a significant part of reality the present and the futurewhile saying that one's past is only what one was, would entirely detach it from oneself now. A denial of one's concrete past constitutes an inauthentic lifestyle, and also applies to other kinds of facticity having a human body—e. Facticity is a limitation and a condition of freedom.
It is a limitation in that a large part of one's facticity consists of things one did not choose birthplace, etc. However, even though one's facticity is "set in stone" as being past, for instanceit cannot determine a person: the value ascribed to one's facticity is still ascribed to it freely by that person. As an example, consider two men, one of whom has no memory of his past and the other who remembers everything. Both have committed many crimes, but the first man, remembering nothing, leads a rather normal life while the second man, feeling trapped by his own past, continues a life of crime, blaming his own past for "trapping" him in this life.
There is nothing essential about his committing crimes, but he ascribes this meaning to his past, declaration of authenticity master thesis. However, to disregard one's facticity during the continual process of self-making, projecting oneself into the future, would be to put oneself in denial of oneself and would be inauthentic. The origin of one's projection must still be one's facticity, declaration of authenticity master thesis in the mode of not being it essentially.
An example of one focusing solely on possible projects without reflecting on one's current facticity: [45] would be someone who continually thinks about future possibilities related to being rich e. a better car, bigger house, better quality of life, etc, declaration of authenticity master thesis.
without acknowledging the facticity of not currently having the financial means to do so. In this declaration of authenticity master thesis, considering both facticity and transcendence, declaration of authenticity master thesis, an authentic mode of being would be considering future projects that might improve one's current finances e.
putting in extra hours, or investing savings in order to arrive at a future-facticity of a modest pay rise, further leading to purchase of an affordable car, declaration of authenticity master thesis. Another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst. Freedom "produces" angst when limited by facticity and the lack of the possibility of having facticity to declaration of authenticity master thesis in" and take responsibility for something one has done also produces angst.
Another aspect of existential freedom is that one can change one's values. One is responsible for one's values, regardless of society's values. The focus on freedom in existentialism is related to the limits of responsibility one bears, as a result of one's freedom.
The relationship between freedom and responsibility is one of interdependency and a clarification of freedom also clarifies that for which one is responsible. Many noted existentialists consider the theme of authentic existence important. Authenticity involves the idea that one has to "create oneself" and live in accordance with this self. For an authentic existence, one should act as oneself, not as "one's acts" or as "one's genes" or any other essence requires.
The authentic act is one in accordance with one's freedom. A component of freedom is facticity, but not to the degree that this facticity determines one's transcendent choices one could then blame one's background for making the choice one made [chosen project, from one's transcendence]. Facticity, in relation to authenticity, involves acting on one's actual values when making a choice instead of, like Kierkegaard's Aesthete, "choosing" randomlyso that one takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either-or without allowing the options to have different values.
In contrast, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one's freedom. This can take many forms, from pretending choices are meaningless or random, convincing oneself that some form of determinism is true, or "mimicry" where one acts as "one should". How one "should" act is often determined by an image one has, of how one in such a role bank manager, lion tamer, prostitute, etc declaration of authenticity master thesis. In Being and NothingnessSartre uses the example of a waiter in "bad faith".
He merely takes part in the "act" of being a typical waiter, albeit very convincingly. The main point is the attitude one takes to one's own freedom and responsibility and the extent to which one acts in accordance with this freedom. The Other written with a capital "O" is a concept more properly belonging to phenomenology and its account of intersubjectivity. However, it has seen widespread use in existentialist writings, and the conclusions drawn differ slightly from the phenomenological accounts.
The Other is the experience of another free subject who inhabits the same world as a person does. In its most basic form, it is this experience of the Other that constitutes intersubjectivity and objectivity.
To clarify, when one experiences someone else, and this Other person experiences the world the same world that a person experiences —only from "over there"—the world is constituted as objective in that it is something that is "there" as identical for both of the subjects; a person experiences the other person as experiencing the same things. This experience of the Other's look is what is termed the Look sometimes the Gaze.
While this experience, in its basic phenomenological sense, constitutes the world as objective and oneself as objectively existing subjectivity one experiences oneself as seen in the Other's Look in precisely the same way that one experiences the Other as seen by him, as subjectivityin existentialism, it also acts as a kind of limitation of freedom.
2.3 Let's Write: First Lines and Literature Review Of Research Thesis
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SCITEC Food Sciences for Innovation and Authenticity SCITEC Horticultural Science (IMaHS) At the same time I am putting forth an effort to develop a little business out of my master thesis project "Zukunft Hinterland", you need to submit a self-declaration – must include a declaration of authenticity. followed by a compulsory internship and the independent work on the Master’s thesis. An internship of at least eight weeks is a compulsory part of the programme. Fields of study include: Geographical approaches to risk, vulnerability and resilience Sep 23, · While it is far from clear whether there was a single way that Aquinas proceeded in establishing moral norms from the primary precepts of the natural law in the Summa Theologiae, John Finnis has argued (Finnis , p. ) that Aquinas employed this master rule approach: on his view, Aquinas held that this master rule is the rule of universal
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